Additives In Polymers - Industrial Analysis And Applications

This industrially relevant resource covers all established and emerging analytical methods for the deformulation of polymeric materials, with emphasis on the non-polymeric components.

• Each technique is evaluated on its technical and industrial merits.
• Emphasis is on understanding (principles and characteristics) and industrial applicability.
• Extensively illustrated throughout with over 200 figures, 400 tables, and 3,000 references.

Jan C.J. Bart (PhD Structural Chemistry, University of Amsterdam) is a senior scientist with broad interest in materials characterisation, heterogeneous catalysis and product development who spent an industrial carrier in R&D with Monsanto, Montedison and DSM Research in various countries. The author has held several teaching assignments and researched extensively in both academic and industrial areas; he authored over 250 scientific papers, including chapters in books. Dr Bart has acted as a Ramsay Memorial Fellow at the Universities of Leeds (Colour Chemistry) and Oxford (Material Science), a visiting scientist at Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse (CNRS, Villeurbanne), and a Meyerhoff Visiting Professor at WIS (Rehovoth), and held an Invited Professorship at USTC (Hefei). He is currently a Full Professor of Industrial Chemistry at the University of Messina.
He is also a member of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Royal Dutch Chemical Society, Society of Plastic Engineers and The Institute of Materials.

Foreword.

Preface.

About the Author.

Acknowledgements.

Chapter 1: Introduction.

1.1 Additives.

1.2 Plastics formulations .

1.3 Economic impact of polymer additives.

1.4 Analysis of plastics.

1.5 Bibliography.

1.6 References.

Chapter 2: Deformulation Principles.

2.1 Polymer identification.

2.2 Additive analysis of rubbers: ‘Best Practice’.

2.3 Polymer extract analysis.

2.4 In situ polymer/additive analysis.

2.5 Class-specific polymer/additive analysis.

2.6 Bibliography.

2.7 References.

Chapter 3: Sample Preparation Perspectives.

3.1 Solvents.

3.2 Extraction strategy.

3.3 Conventional extraction technologies.

3.4 High-pressure solvent extraction methods.

3.5 Sorbent extraction.

3.6 Methodological comparison of extraction methods.

3.7 Polymer/additive dissolution methods.

3.8 Hydrolysis.

3.9 Bibliography.

3.10 References.

Chapter 4: Separation Techniques.

4.1 Analytical detectors.

4.2 Gas chromatography.

4.3 Supercritical fluid chromatography.

4.4 Liquid chromatography techniques.

4.5 Capillary electrophoretic techniques.

4.6 Bibliography.

4.7 References.

Chapter 5: Polymer/Additive Analysis: The Spectroscopic Alternative.

5.1 Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry.

5.2 Infrared spectroscopy.

5.3 Luminescence spectroscopy.

5.4 High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

5.5 Bibliography.

5.6 References.

Chapter 6: Organic Mass-Spectrometric Methods.

6.1 Basic instrumentation.

6.2 Ion sources.

6.3 Mass analysers.

6.4 Direct mass-spectrometric polymer compound analysis.

6.5 Ion mobility spectrometry.

6.6 Bibliography.

6.7 References.

Chapter 7: Multihyphenation and Multidimensionality in Polymer/Additive Analysis.

7.1 Precolumn hyphenation.

7.2 Coupled sample preparation – spectroscopy/spectrometry.

7.3 Postcolumn hyphenation.

7.4 Multidimensional chromatography.

7.5 Multidimensional spectroscopy.

7.6 Bibliography.

7.7 References.

Chapter 8: Inorganic and Element Analytical Methods.

8.1 Element analytical protocols.

8.2 Sample destruction for classical elemental analysis.

8.3 Analytical atomic spectrometry.

8.4 X-ray spectrometry.

8.5 Inorganic mass spectrometry.

8.6 Radioanalytical and nuclear analytical methods.

8.7 Electroanalytical techniques.

8.8 Solid-state speciation analysis.

8.9 Bibliography.

8.10 References.

Chapter 9: Direct Methods of Deformulation of Polymer/Additive Dissolutions.

9.1 Chromatographic methods.

9.2 Spectroscopic techniques.

9.3 Mass-spectrometric methods.

9.4 References.

Chapter 10: A Vision for the Future.

10.1 Trends in polymer technology.

10.2 Trends in additive technology.

10.3 Environmental, legislative and regulatory constraints.

10.4 Analytical consequences.

10.5 Epilogue.

10.6 Bibliography.

10.7 References.

Appendix I: List of Symbols.

Appendix II: Functionality of Common Additives Used in Commercial Thermoplastics, Rubbers and Thermosetting Resins.

Appendix III: Specimen Polymer Additives Product Sheets.

Index.