語篇分析（簡體書）

作者：（英國）威多森（Widdowson H.G）

《牛津語言學入門叢書:語篇分析》的讀者對象是英語專業高年級學生，語言學、應用語言學與相關專業的研究生，以及對相應領域感興趣的人員。

Preface
SECTION I
Survey
1 Language in use
A sample of language
What is a text？
Text and discourse
Spoken and written text
Illustration from a crowded train
Conclusion
2 Communication
Grammar and communication
Three kinds of pragmatic meaning
Four aspects of communicative competence
Conclusion
3 Context
Conditions of language use
Context and shared knowledge
Text-activated context
Unshared contexts: illustration from a battlefield
Context and shared values
Conclusion
4 Schematic conventions
Context and situation
The concept of the schema
Frames of reference
Frames and cultural assumptions
Interpersonal routines
Adjacency pairs
Genres
Conclusion
5 Co-textual relations
Information structure
Text linkage
Anaphora and pro-forms
Cohesion
Cohesion and the least effort principle
Cohesion and coherence
Conclusion
6 The negotiation of meaning
Systemic and schematic knowledge
Communicative convergence
Negotiating convergence
The co-operative principle
The quantity maxim
Conversational implicature
The maxims of quality, relation, and manner
Co-operative and territorial imperatives
Conclusion
7 Critical analysis
Positioning
Terms of reference
Alternative wordings and persuasive purpose
Critical discourse analysis
Identifying the significance of textual choice
Implicatures and textual choice
Implicatures and grammatical choice
Conclusion
8 Text analysis
Actually attested language
Norms of usage
Patterns of collocation
Semantic prosodies
Conclusion: text analysis and discourse interpretation
SECTION 2
Readings
SECTION 3
References
SECTION 4
Glossary
Acknowledgements

In these examples, we are consciously aware of relative frequency. But in innumerable other cases, we are not. Thus we may know perfectly well that the words big and large are semantically synonymous, as are the words little and small, but, if asked, we would not be able to say with any certainty which word in each pair is more frequently used. Nor what other words they tend to keep company with. In the usage of any language there is a tendency for words and structures to co-occur in patterns of relative probability. Some co-occurrences （or collocations） are fixed and familiar, as in idiomatic phrases like to and fro, ebb and flow, by and large, by hook or by crook, by fair means or foul, and so on. Some we know as proverbs: Too many cooks spoil the broth, A rolling stone gathers no moss, and so on. For the most part, however, we are unaware of the patterning of language in the texts we produce. With the development of corpus linguistics over recent years, such patterning can now be described with great precision.
By means of the computer, linguists can now provide details of the frequency and co-occurrence of words and structures which are simply not accessible to intuition. So they can tell us things about the language we produce that we did not know in the sense that we are not consciously aware of them. But since our usage is informed by these frequencies and patterns of co-occurrence, we must know them in some other subliminal sense and this must be a covert part of our competence in the language. We have procedural knowledge of them, and what linguistic description can now do is to make this knowledge overt and declarative. We shall be considering corpus descriptions in more detail later （Chapter 8）.