From Crete to London: An Example of a Bottom-Up Exercise of British Power in the 19th Century Ottoman Empire

From Crete to London explores British foreign policy in the 19th century, particularly through the activities of consular officials in strategically important but not officially controlled regions such as Ottoman Crete. It aims to demonstrate the gap between official British policies in London and the practical realities on Crete and how this often inconsistent policy affected British foreign relations. The study highlights the dual role of low-ranking consular officials in a unique way. These individuals not only represented British, but also had to deal with their personal interests in various situations. Many of them grew up in the Eastern Mediterranean and thus came into contact with cultures vastly different from those of London. This exposure significantly influenced their consular decisions and actions, revealing the complexities of their roles both within and beyond their official functions. Crete, with its strategic importance, volatile political climate and thriving commercial agriculture, serves as an excellent case study. British consular officials were deeply involved in the island's commercial life, especially in port cities, while playing an unofficial yet crucial role in the administration of the island. This combination of commercial engagement and informal governance paints a fascinating picture of their experiences, providing valuable insights into the intricacies of British foreign policy during this time.